The next course in a typical one-year sequence covers the remaining functional groups of organic molecules including, the reactivity of resonance-stabilized compounds, particularly aromatic compounds followed by the carbonyl-containing molecules. Advanced spectroscopy and more frequent and more sophisticated synthesis is the backdrop for the development of these topics and additional material encompasses the amines and alkaloids from which they are composed; oxidation and reduction; enols and enolates; and the pericyclic reactions. Biological macromolecules are logically covered at the end and include the nucleic acids, carbohydrates, lipids and fats, and proteins.