Common Abbreviations In Organic Chemistry

Common Abbreviations in Organic Chemistry

(Something Unfamiliar Over the Reaction Arrow?)

Abbreviations:  Solvents, Reagents, Protecting Groups, and Reaction Conditions

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  • Δ                            heat is applied; or a pericyclic rearrangement in the absence of light
  • ↑↓                          reflux: heating at constant boiling temperature of solvent using a condenser
  • α-                          alpha: the carbon bearing the functional group in question; or the optical rotation (±)
  • δ                            chemical shift in parts per million (NMR); or—a partial charge in a covalent bond
  • Φ                           quantum yield
  • ω-                          omega: the (carbon) position farthest away from the functional group in question
  •                          light; or photochemical rearrangement (h=Plank's constant, ν is the frequency of a photon)
  • Ac-                        acetyl (-COCH3)
  • AcO-                     acetoxy (-OCOCH3), acyloxy
  • AD                         Sharpless asymmetric dihydroxylation ("AD-mix-α™ or AD-mix-ß™" means pre-made catalyst)
  • AE                         Sharpless asymmetric epoxidation
  • AIBN                     N, N'-azobisisobutyronitrile (radical initiator)
  • Aldrithiol™          2,2'-dipyridyldisulfide
  • Allyl-                     allylic; at the position adjacent to a C=C double bond
  • Alloc-                    allyloxycarbonyl protecting group
  • Ar-                         aryl (any aromatic substituent, not otherwise specified)
  • B2H6                     diborane; the dimerized form of BH3 and functionally the same thing as BH3
  • 9-BBN                  9-borabicyclononane (functionally equivalent to BHwith greater selectivity)
  • BMS                      BH3-dimethyl sulfide complex, easier to handle than BH3
  • BINAP                   2,2'-bis(diphenylphosphino)-1,1 '- binaphthyl
  • Boc-                      tert-butoxycarbonyl protecting group
  • BOM-                    benzyloxymethyl protecting group
  • BOP-Cl                  bis(2-oxo-3-oxazolidinyl)phosphinic chloride
  • Bn-                        benzyl (PhCR2-); any carbon directly attached to a benzene ring
  • brsm                     % yield based on recovered starting material; (a euphemism for poor yield)
  • BTAF                      benzyltrimethyl ammonium fluoride
  • Bz-                          benzoyl (PhCO-); often confused with benzyl (Bn- or PhCH2)
  • BHT                       tert-butylated hydroxytoluene (di-t-butylhydroxytoluene); a radical scavenger
  • cat.                         catalytic or catalyst added; (sub-stoichiometric amount)
  • CAN                       ceric ammonium nitrate
  • CBS                        Corey-Bakshi-Shibata catalytic asymmetric ketone reducing agent
  • Cbz-                       benzyloxycarbonyl protecting group
  • CH2N2                   diazomethane
  • COD                       1,5-cyclooctadiene
  • Cp-                          cyclopentadienyl (a common organomettalic ligand)
  • m-CPBA                 meta-chloroperoxybenzoic acid (or peroxyacid or peracid)
  • CSA                        camphorsulfonic acid (a chiral and organic-soluble Bronsted acid)
  • d-                            dextrorotatory, (+)(clockwise optical activity)
  • d                              days of reaction time
  • DAST                      diethylaminosulfur trifluoride
  • dba-                        dibenzylideneacetone (a common organometallic ligand)
  • DBU                        1,8-diazabicyclo[5.4.0]undec-7-ene
  • DCC                        1,3-dicyclohexylcarbodiimide
  • DDQ                       2,3-dichloro-5,6-dicyano-1,4-benzoquinone
  • DEAD                      diethyl azodicarboxylate (coupling agent)
  • dean-stark              a method of separating water out of distillate by density
  • (±)-DET                  diethyl tartrate (chiral ligand)
  • DIPA                        diisopropylamine
  • DIPEA                     diisopropylethylamine (Hünig's Base)
  • DHP                        dihydropyran
  • DHQD                    dihydroquinidine
  • DIBAL                     diisobutyl aluminum hydride; or DIBAL-H
  • DIBALH                  diisobutyl aluminum hydride; or DIBAL
  • DIC                         diisopropylcarbodiimide
  • DMAP                    4-N,N-dimethylaminopyridine
  • DME                       dimethoxyethane (solvent)
  • DMF                       dimethylformamide (polar aprotic solvent)
  • DMP                       Dess-Martin periodinane
  • DMPM                   3,4-dimethoxybenzyl
  • DMS                       dimethyl sulfide
  • DMSO                   dimethyl sulfoxide (polar aprotic solvent)
  • DPPA                     diphenylphosphoryl azide
  • DPS                        2.2'-dipyridyldisulfide or Aldrithiol™
  • dr                           diastereomeric ratio; (epimer A : epimer B) (can be used for E/Z alkenes)
  • EDI                         or EDCI; ethyl N,N-dimethaminopropyl carbodiimide (water-soluble coupling agent)
  • EE-                         1-ethoxyethyl protecting group
  • %ee                        percent enantiomeric excess
  • eq. or equiv.         the number of molar equivalents of reagent added
  • Et-                          ethyl (-CH2CH3)
  • EtOH                      ethanol (IUPAC); ethyl alcohol; "grain" alcohol
  • ethylene oxide     the simplest epoxide; oxacyclopropane
  • FDPP                      pentafluorophenyl diphenylphosphinate
  • Fmoc-                    9-fluorenylmethoxycarbonyl
  • gem.                       geminal; two of the same substituents on a carbon (or 1,1-)
  • hr                            hours of reaction time
  • [H]                          reduction (reagents/conditions otherwise unspecified)
  • HMPA                    hexamethylphosphoramide (aggregate-breaking aprotic solvent)
  • HMPT                    hexamethylphosphorus triamide (same as HMPA)
  • HWE                      Horner-Wadsworth-Emmons Olefination
  • i-                             see iso-
  • imid.                      imidazole
  • INV                        inversion of stereochemistry
  • iso-                         any chain terminating with gem (1,1) dimethyl groups
  • (±)-Ipc                     iso-pinylcampheyl (chiral ligand)
  • KDA                        potassium diisopropylamide
  • KHMDS                  potassium bis-trimethylsilylamide
  • KOt-Bu                   potassium tert-butoxide (sterically bulky base)
  • K-Selectride™      potassium tri-sec-butylborohydride
  • l-                             levorotatory (counter-clockwise optical activity)
  • LA                           lewis acid
  • LAH                        lithium aluminum hydride (LiAlH4)
  • LDA                        lithium  diisopropylamide
  • LDEA                     lithium diethylamide
  • LiHMDS                lithium hexamethyltrisilazide
  • lindlar                    Lindlar's catalyst (quinoline, Pd, Pb(OAc)2, Ca(CO3))
  • lit.                            literature value
  • LTMP                     lithium 2,2,6,6-tetramethyl piperidide
  • m-                           meta (or 3-phenyl); (a 1,3-disubstituted benzene)
  • M+                           molecular ion peak (in mass spectrometry)
  • MEM-                      2-methoxyethoxyethyl protecting group
  • Me-                         methyl (CH3-)
  • MeOH                    methanol (IUPAC); methyl alcohol; "wood" alcohol
  • MMPP                    magnesium monoperoxyphthalate (epoxidizing agent)
  • mol                         molar equivalent; same as equivalent (eq. or equiv.)
  • MOM-                     methoxymethyl protecting group
  • MPM-                      p-methoxybenzyl protecting group
  • MS                           molecular sieves (usu. preceded by pore size in angstroms, e.g. 4Å MS)
  • Ms-                          methanesulfonyl-
  • MTBE                      methyl tert-butyl ether (a solvent)
  • MTM-                      methylthiomethyl protecting group
  • MW                         microwave  (not molecular weight in this context)
  • n-                              normal (unbranched chain of hydrocarbons)
  • N-                             a substituent attached to nitrogen, not the carbon chain
  • N, N-                         two substituent groups attached to nitrogen
  • NaHMDS                 sodium hexamethyl trisilazide
  • NaOEt                      sodium ethoxide
  • NaOMe                    sodium methoxide
  • NaOPr                      sodium isoproxide
  • NBS                          N-bromosuccinimide
  • NCS                          N-chlorosuccinimide
  • neo-                          neopentyl; any carbon attached to a quaternary (4º) carbon
  • NIS                            N-iodosuccinimide
  • NMM                        N-methylmorpholine
  • NMO                         N-methylmorpholine-N-oxide
  • N-PSP                        N-phenylselenophthalimide
  • nosyl                         p-nitrophenylsulfonyl
  • Ns-                            nosyl or 4-nitrophenylsulfonyl-
  • o-                              ortho or (2-phenyl) on benzene, a 1,2-disubstituted benzene
  • [O]                           oxidation (reagent/conditions not otherwise specified)
  • -OBr                         brosylate (4-bromophenylsulfonyl- [not bromine attached to oxygen])
  • -OMs                        mesylate (methylsulfonyl-)
  • -ONs                        nosylate (4-nitrophenylsulfonyl-)
  • -OR                           alkyloxy (the IUPAC prefix for an ether attachment)
  • -OTf                          triflate )4-trifluromethylsulfonyl)-
  • -OTs                         tosylate (4-methylphenylsulfonyl)-
  • p-                              para or (1,4-) substitution on benzene
  • PCC                          pyridinium chlorochromate
  • PDC                          pyridinium dichromate (explosive version of PCC)
  • peroxides                  a generic peroxide; radical initiator
  • Ph-                            phenyl (benzene substituent)
  • PhH                          benzene
  • Pr-                            n-propyl (-CH2CH2CH3)
  • Piv-                           pivaloyl
  • PMB-                        p-methoxybenzyl
  • PMP-                        p-methoxyphenyl
  • PPA                           polyphosphoric acid
  • PPL                           porcine pancreatic lipase
  • PPTS                        pyridinium p-toluenesulfonate
  • PTSA                        p-toluenesulfonic acid
  • Pv-                            pivaloyl protecting group
  • pyr.                           pyridine (C5H5N); a common basic solvent
  • quant.                      a product yield that is as close to 100% as possible (most chemists don't say 100% yield)
  • R-                              the "Universal Descriptor" can be any atom or group; esp. alkyl groups; "rest of the molecule"
  • Red-Al®                   sodium bis(2-methoxyethoxy-)aluminum hydride
  • reflux                       reaction is heated at constant refluxing temperature (boiling point of) solvent
  • RET                          retention of stereochemistry
  • Rose Bengal            photoexcitor of molecular oxygen (O2) to its triplet state
  • sec-                           secondary or
  • SEM-                        [2-(trimethylsilyl)methyl]- protecting group
  • SEMCl                      [2-(trimethylsilyl)ethoxy)methyl chloride
  • sodamide                sodium amide (NaNH2) a strong base
  • Swern                      Swern oxidation (oxalyl chloride, DMSO, then Et3N)
  • t-                               tert- (tertiary)
  • TBAF                        tetrabutyl ammonium fluoride (same as BTAF)
  • TBDMS-                   tert-butyldimethylsilyl protecting group
  • TBDPS-                    tert-butyldiphenylsilyl protecting group
  • TBS                           tert-butyldimethylsilyl (same as TBDMS-)
  • TCDI                         thiocarbonyl di-imidazole
  • tert-                          attached to a tertiary carbon or 
  • Tf-                             trifluoromethanesulfonyl
  • TFA                           trifluoroacetic acid
  • TFAA                         trifluoroacetic anhydride
  • THF                           tetrahydrofuran (solvent)
  • THP-                         tetrahydropyran protecting group
  • TIPS-                         triisopropylsilyl protecting group
  • TMG                         tetramethylguanidine
  • TMS-                         trimethylsilyl- protecting group
  • TMS                          tetramethylsilane (the standard chemical used to reference zero ppm in NMR spectroscopy)
  • TMSCl                       trimethylsilyl chloride
  • TMSOTf                    trimethylsilyl triflate
  • tol.                             toluene (solvent)
  • o-tolyl                       ortho-toluyl
  • TPAP                        tetra n-propyl ammonium perruthenate
  • Tr-                            trityl = triphenylmethyl-
  • Troc-                        2,2,2-trichloroethoxycarbonyl
  • TsCl                          tosyl chloride
  • TsO-                         p-toluenesulfonate
  • p-TsOH                    p-Toluenesulfonic acid
  • vic-                           vicinal or related as groups on adjacent carbons or (1,2-)
  • Vitride®                   sodium bis(2-methoxyethoxy)aluminium hydride
  • w/u                          work-up or quench (neutralization conditions specific to the product formed and extraction)
  • X-                             any of the Group VII atoms or halogens, unless specified otherwise
  • xs                             excess (a molar quantity sufficient to reach full conversion of the reaction in question)
  • Z-                             benzyloxycarbonyl (Cbz) (e.g -OZ = -OCbz) protecting group

 

If not found here, refer to the Database Glossary.

Abbreviations In Organic Chemistry

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